eleven months [p. 309] of age, was an infant with a phlegmatic disposition, afraid of nothing
"under the sun" except a loud sound made by striking a steel bar. This made him cry. By
striking the bar at the same time that Albert touched a white rat, the fear was transferred to the
white rat. After seven combined stimulations, rat and sound, Albert not only became greatly
disturbed at the sight of a rat, but this fear had spread to include a white rabbit, cotton wool, a
fur coat, and the experimenter's hair. It did not transfer to his wooden blocks and other objects
very dissimilar to the rat.
In referring to this case, Dr. Watson says, "We have shown experimentally that when you
condition a child to show fear of an animal, this fear transfers or spreads in such a way that
without separate conditioning he becomes afraid of many animals. If you take any one of these
objects producing fear and uncondition, will fear of the other objects in the series disappear at
the same time? That is, will the unconditioning spread without further training to other stimuli?"
Dr. Watson intended to continue the study of Albert in an attempt to answer this question, but
Albert was removed from the hospital and the series of observations was discontinued.
About three years later this case, which seemed almost to be Albert grown a bit older, was
discovered in our laboratory.
Peter was 2 years and 10 months old when we began to study him. He was afraid of a white
rat, and this fear extended to a rabbit, a fur coat, a feather, cotton wool, etc., but not to wooden
blocks and similar toys. An abridgment of the first laboratory notes on Peter reads as follows:
Peter was put in a crib in a play room and immediately became absorbed in his
toys. A white rat was introduced into the crib from behind. (The experimenter was
behind a screen). At sight of the rat, Peter screamed and fell flat on his back in a
paroxysm of fear. The stimulus was removed, and Peter was taken out of the crib
and put into a chair. Barbara was brought to the crib and the white rat introduced as
before. She exhibited no fear but picked the rat up in her hand. Peter sat quietly
watching Barbara and the rat. A string of beads belonging to Peter had been left in
the crib. Whenever the rat touched a part of the string he would say "my beads" in a
complaining voice, although he made no objections when Barbara touched them.
Invited to get down from the chair, he shook his head, fear not yet subsided.
Twenty-five minutes elapsed before he was ready to play about freely.
The next day his reactions to the following situations and objects were noted: [p. 310]
Play room and crib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Selected toys, got into crib without protest
White ball rolled in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Picked it up and held it
Fur rug hung over crib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cried until it was removed
Fur coat hung over crib . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Cried until it was removed
Cotton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Whimpered, withdrew, cried
Hat with feathers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cried
Blue woolly sweater . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Looked, turned away, no fear
White toy rabbit of rough cloth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No interest, no fear
Wooden doll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No interest, no fear
This case made it possible for the experiment to continue where Dr. Watson had left off. The
first problem was that of "unconditioning" a fear response to an animal, and the second, that of
determining whether unconditioning to one stimulus spreads without further training to other
stimuli.
From the test situations which were used to reveal fears, it was found that Peter showed even
more marked fear responses to the rabbit than to the rat. It was decided to use the rabbit for
unconditioning and to proceed as follows: Each day Peter and three other children were
brought to the laboratory for a play period. The other children were selected carefully because
of their entirely fearless attitude toward the rabbit and because of their satisfactory adjustments