Download PDF
ads:
CENTRO DE CIÊNCIAS AGRÁRIAS
PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM CIÊNCIA ANIMAL
RESPOSTAS COMPORTAMENTAIS DE NOVILHAS EM ADAPTAÇÃO
DURANTE A MUDANÇA DE UMA ÁREA DE DESCANSO COLETIVA
PARA UMA ÁREA DE DESCANSO INDIVIDUAL
GIANNE EVANS CUNHA
LONDRINA – PARA
2009
UNIVERSIDADE
ESTADUAL DE LONDRINA
ads:
Livros Grátis
http://www.livrosgratis.com.br
Milhares de livros grátis para download.
GIANNE EVANS CUNHA
RESPOSTAS COMPORTAMENTAIS DE NOVILHAS EM ADAPTAÇÃO
DURANTE A MUDANÇA DE UMA ÁREA DE DESCANSO COLETIVA
PARA UMA ÁREA DE DESCANSO INDIVIDUAL
Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-
Graduação em Ciência Animal da Universidade
Estadual de Londrina, como requisito para a
obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência
Animal.
Orientadora:
Prof. Dra. Ivone Yurika Mizubuti.
Co-orientador: Prof. Dr. José Antonio Fregonesi
Londrina – Paraná
2009
ads:
GIANNE EVANS CUNHA
RESPOSTAS COMPORTAMENTAIS DE NOVILHAS EM ADAPTAÇÃO
DURANTE A MUDANÇA DE UMA ÁREA DE DESCANSO COLETIVA
PARA UMA ÁREA DE DESCANSO INDIVIDUAL
Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-
Graduação em Ciência Animal, da Universidade
Estadual de Londrina, como requisito para a
obtenção do título de Mestre em Ciência Animal.
COMISSÃO EXAMINADORA
-------------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------------------------
Profa Dra. Ana Maria Bridi Prof. Dra. Fernanda Barros Moreira
Universidade Estadual de Londrina Instituto Agronômico do Paraná
--------------------------------------------------
Profa. Dra. Ivone Yurika Mizubuti
Universidade Estadual de Londrina
Londrina, 03 de Março de 2009.
DEDICO, COM AMOR
Ao meu esposo Franklin e aos meus pais José e Geni
AGRADECIMENTOS
A Deus, que me deu saúde, força e coragem além de colocar no meu
caminho pessoas maravilhosas que eu amo muito;
Ao meu esposo Franklin pelo amor, paciência, dedicação e ajuda em todos
esses anos de estudo. Ele me ajudou a acreditar em mim mesma, acreditou em
mim e não deixou que os obstáculos da vida me desanimassem;
Aos meus pais, José e Geni, que sempre estiveram do meu lado me
apoiando, ajudando e acreditando que eu conseguiria;
À Universidade Estadual de Londrina, por ter me acolhido na graduação e
pós-graduação, possibilitando o desenvolvimento deste trabalho;
À Professora Dr. Ivone Mizubuti pela paciência, compreensão e orientação
durante esse tempo, sendo pra mim como uma segunda mãe, me aconselhando e
me dizendo como fazer as coisas e a hora certa de cada uma;
A UBC (University of British Columbia) que me acolheu por seis meses
durante o experimento a campo, especialmente ao Dr. Daniel Weary, Dra. Marina
Von Keyserlingk e Dr. Doug Veira que me orientaram durante esse tempo. Aos
funcionários da fazenda da UBC que tiveram paciência e amor para me ajudar
durante esse período e principalmente as amigas que conheci: Erin, Grisel,
Katy, Kathrin, Ed e Dona, que me deram suporte psicológico e fizeram desses
seis meses um período feliz para ser lembrado sempre;
Ao Professor Dr. José Antonio Fregonesi pela co-orientação e pela
oportunidade de realizar o meu trabalho no Canadá, junto com excelentes
professores, com quem aprendi muito durante o ano que passou;
Aos amigos que me acompanharam nesses dois anos: Vivian, Elaine,
Filipe, Arturo, Ana Paula, Valdecir e especialmente o Bruno que me ajudou com
muitas idéias e realização de muitas análises;
A Tânia que sempre esteve ali no laboratório de nutrição escutando os
meus lamentos e sempre ajudando nas minhas análises e aos estagiários que
também contribuíram para que tudo fosse realizado;
A Vera e Falocci que sempre acreditaram que eu seria capaz e sempre me
apoiaram nas minhas decisões.
A todos os meus irmãos e sobrinhos que sempre acreditaram em mim e me
fizeram sentir amada e importante.
A todos muito obrigada!!!!
BIOGRAFIA DO AUTOR
Gianne Evans Cunha, filha de JoAparecido da Cunha e Geni da Costa
Cunha, nasceu em Londrina-Paraná, no dia 13 de março de 1981.
Em 17 de julho de 2006, concluiu o curso de Zootecnia, pela Universidade
Estadual de Londrina - UEL.
Em fevereiro de 2007, iniciou o programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência
Animal, com área de concentração em Produção Animal, desenvolvendo
trabalhos com comportamento e bem estar de gado leiteiro.
Atualmente foi aprovada para cursar o Doutorado na Universidade Estadual
de Londrina.
SUMÁRIO
Resumo ........................................................................................................
08
Abstract ........................................................................................................
09
Introdução .....................................................................................................
10
Revisão de Literatura ...................................................................................
12
Referências Bibliográficas ............................................................................
16
Objetivos .......................................................................................................
18
Artigo: Behavioral responses of heifers in transition from sawdust-
pack to free stall housings …………………………………………………… 19
Abstract …………………………………………………………………………… 19
Introduction ………………………………………………………………………..
20
Materials and Methods …………………………………………………………..
22
Results ………………………………………………………………………….....
24
Discussion ………………………………………………………………………... 28
Conclusions ……………………………………………………………………….
32
Acknowledgements ......................................................................................
32
References ...................................................................................................
33
Conclusões da Dissertação ..........................................................................
36
Respostas comportamentais de novilhas em adaptação durante a mudança
de uma área de descanso coletiva para uma área de descanso individual
Resumo -
O objetivo desse trabalho foi examinar as respostas comportamentais de
novilhas em crescimento quando são introduzidas em um sistema de free stall e também
quando são apresentadas a um comedouro com tranca de pescoço. Foram utilizadas
vinte e uma novilhas Holandesas balanceadas por idade (159±25,0 dias) e peso corporal
(207±26,3 Kg). As novilhas foram divididas em 7 grupos de 3 animais cada. Os animais
foram observados em 2 tipos de sistema de manejo, sendo o primeiro com baia coletiva
onde a cama (4,6x12,0m) era constituída de pó de serra e o segundo com baias
individuais (free stall) com 13 baias (stalls) no espaço de descanso (6,6 x 12,0 m),
também com cama de pó de serra. Todas as novilhas foram instaladas nas baias
coletivas oito semanas antes do início do experimento. Cada grupo foi alocado na baia
coletiva experimental por 5 dias e foram gravadas por câmeras durante 3 dias (período
1). Após esse período os animais foram movidos para a baia com camas individuais
(stalls) contendo o mesmo tipo de comedouro (barras fixas) onde permaneceram por 5
dias sendo gravadas (período 2). Finalmente os animais foram deslocados para uma baia
com as mesmas dimensões da anterior que também continha stalls, mas com um
comedouro onde as barras eram móveis e com tranca de pescoço, sendo observados por
3 dias (período 3). Os comportamentos analisados diariamente foram os seguintes:
tempo total de descanso (novilha deitada dentro ou fora da cama), tempo total que os
animais passaram em (nos corredores, na cama ou com as patas da frente na cama)
e tempo total se alimentando. Para o segundo período onde os animais foram movidos
para o free stall também foi observado o tempo de latência dos animais para utilizarem a
cama pela primeira vez. Para o primeiro tratamento (período 1 vs. período 2) houve uma
diferença significativa (P<0,001) para tempo descansando entre o primeiro dia na nova
baia e o período anterior, onde foi observado uma queda de 4 h/d. Houve também
diferença entre o primeiro dia e os dias subseqüentes (P< 0,001) pois após o primeiro dia
os animais voltaram a descansar como antes, portanto não houve diferença entre os
períodos (p=0,127). Antes da introdução dos animais no free stall, as novilhas raramente
foram observadas deitadas nos corredores, sendo que este comportamento subiu para
2.5 h/d no primeiro dia no novo sistema (P<0.001), declinou para 1,5 h/d no
período seguinte (P = 0.010), mas continuou mais alto que o período anterior (P =
0.006).
O tempo despendido em nos corredores aumentou de 2,5 h/d para mais de 4
h/d no primeiro dia no free stall (P<0,001), declinou para 3 h/d (P<0,001) durante os dias
subseqüentes, entretanto, continuou mais alto do que no período anterior (p=0,002). Para
tempo em pé com as quatro patas na cama houve diferença (P< 0,001) entre o período 1
e o primeiro dia na nova baia e entre os períodos 1 e 2 (P<0,001). No entanto, não houve
diferença entre o primeiro dia e os dias subseqüentes na baia com divisões. Tempo em
com somente as patas da frente na cama foi observado no período 2 e houve
diferença entre o primeiro dia e os demais dias na baia com divisões (P<0,001). Não
houve diferença no tempo que os animais passaram se alimentando durante o período de
transição. Para o segundo tratamento (per. 2 vs. per. 3) houve diferença (P=0,007) para
tempo se alimentando entre o período 2 e o primeiro dia com o novo comedouro, mas
não foi verificado diferenças entre períodos ou entre o primeiro dia e dias posteriores no
novo comedouro. Para os outros comportamentos não ocorreram diferenças significativas
nem entre períodos nem entre o primeiro dia e período anterior, ou dias posteriores a
mudança. Pode-se concluir que novilhas necessitam em torno de 24h para se adaptarem
a um novo ambiente, para aprenderem como se deitar nas camas individuais e utilizarem
um comedouro com tranca no pescoço.
Palavras-chave: Adaptação, sistemas de confinamento, comedouro, comportamento,
bem-estar animal.
Behavioral Responses of Heifers in Transition From Sawdust-Pack to Free
Stall Housings
Abstract
- The objective of this work was examining behavioral responses of early
heifers when they are introduced to a free stall pen and headlock feed bunk. Twenty-one
Holstein dairy heifers balanced by age (159 ± 25.0 d) and BW (207 ± 26.3 kg) were used.
The heifers were divided in 7 groups of 3 animals each. The animals were housed in
either a pen that consisted of a sawdust bedded-pack area (4.6 x 5.0 m; width x depth) or
in free stall pens (6.6 m x 12 m; width x depth) containing 13 stalls. All heifers had at least
8 wks previous experience lying on a bedded sawdust pack. Each group were housed on
the sawdust bedded pack for 5 d and recorded for 3d. After this first period the heifers
were moved to a free stall pen with the same type of feed barrier and recorded for 5 d
(period 2) and the last period the animals were moved to a new free stall pen fitted with a
headlock feed barrier and monitored for 3 d (period 3). The behaviours recorded were
lying, standing, feeding and for the period 2 the latency to use the stall as well. For the
first treatment (sawdust-pack vs. Free stall) there were significant difference (P<0.001)
between the sawdust-pack period and the first day in the stall where lying time felt 4 h/d
and difference between the first day and subsequent days in a free stall (P<0,001) but
there was not difference between periods 1 and 2 (P=0.127). Before introduction to the
free stalls, heifers were rarely observed lying down in the alley, but this behavior
increased to 2.5 h/d were introduced to free stall housing(P<0.001), this time declined to
1.5 h/d on the days following the change in housing (P = 0.010), but this was still higher
than during the baseline period on the sawdust pack (P = 0.006). Standing in the alley
increased approximately 2 h/d (P<0.001) in the first day in the stall pen, this time declined
to approximately 3 h/d (P<0.001) during the days following the switch, a value still higher
than during the baseline period (P = 0.002). For standing with 4 hooves in the bedded
area there was difference between pack and first day in free stall (P<0.001) and between
pack vs. free stall (P< 0.001), but there was not difference between the first day and
subsequent days. Time standing with the front hooves in the stall was measure just in free
stall and was observed significant difference between the first day and subsequent days in
the free stall pen (P<0.001). There was no change in feeding time during the transition
period. For the second treatment (slats vs. headlock) there was significant difference in
feeding time between the period in the slat feed bunker and the first day in a headlock (P
=0.007). It Was not found difference between the baseline period and the headlock period
and between the first day with headlock feeder and subsequent days. The others behavior
observed did not change during this experiment. In conclusion, dairy heifers take around
24 h to adapt to a new house system and learned how to lay down in stalls and how to
use the headlock feed bunk.
Key words: Adaption, confinement systems, feed bunk, behavior, animal welfare.
Introdução
Atualmente muitos trabalhos estão sendo realizados na área de bem
estar e comportamento de gado leiteiro. No entanto, os focos dos estudos são os
animais em produção ou bezerros, onde os produtores imaginam que se deve ter
mais atenção. Poucos estudos nessa área são realizados tendo como foco as
novilhas, tanto na adaptação em novos ambientes como o manejo em geral.
É observado que na maioria das propriedades canadenses as novilhas são
mantidas em baias com espaço para descanso coletivo e um corredor com
divisórias simples por onde os animais têm acesso ao alimento. No entanto,
quando atingem a idade rtil, os animais o inseminados e transferidos para
baias maiores, com cama dividida em pequenos cubículos, também chamada de
free stall, onde o corredor de alimentação possui divisórias com tranca de
pescoço para evitar a competição no comedouro e facilitar o manejo dos animais,
como por exemplo, aplicar medicamento, vacina, coleta de sangue, ou até mesmo
para separar um animal do rebanho.
Essa transição é abrupta e os animais necessitam se adaptar rapidamente
as novas condições de vida, e esse processo de adaptação ainda não é bem
conhecido, como por exemplo, o tempo que as novilhas levam pra se adaptarem
as mudanças.
Quando as novilhas são introduzidas ao novo ambiente, podem demonstrar
padrões de comportamentos diferentes quando comparado ao período anterior às
mudanças ou quando os animais estão adaptados ao novo ambiente. A
observação contínua do comportamento durante esse período de transição é
necessária e pode ajudar a entender e definir como ocorre a adaptação e quanto
tempo leva para os animais aprenderem a lidar com as novas áreas de descanso
e novos comedouros.
Esse trabalho representa o inicio desse entendimento, pois os animais
devem ser observados para demonstrar o tempo gasto para que ocorra a
adaptação ao novo ambiente, bem como os padrões de comportamentos durante
este período.
Revisão de literatura
As mudanças ambientais bruscas podem causar problemas e dificuldades
para futuras adaptações (Goddard et al., 1998). O entendimento de como as
mudanças de ambientes, sistemas ou manejo afetam o comportamento animal
pode ajudar a melhorar o bem estar durante essa fase, uma vez que os cientistas
terão informações para trabalhar no intuito de diminuir o estresse causado
durante esse período.
Para melhorar o bem estar de vacas leiteiras, as propriedades vêm
substituindo um antigo sistema de confinamento, que consiste em manter os
animais em cubículos individuais presos por uma corrente (tie stall), por sistemas
onde os animais são mantidos em grupos e livres de correntes. Nos novos
sistemas, os animais podem permanecer tanto em baias com área de descanso
coletiva e coberta por uma cama de palha ou pó de serra (chamados strawyards
ou sawdust-pack), como em baias com área de descanso divididas em cubiculos
individuais cobertas por de serra ou areia, chamado de sistema free stall
(Leaver, 1999).
Vários estudos vêm sendo realizados com o intuito de determinar qual
sistema proporciona uma melhor qualidade de vida para animais confinados. As
pesquisas revelam que o sistema com área de descanso coletiva é o que oferece
o melhor conforto, pois os animais passam mais tempo deitados e o sistema
permite que ocorra um sincronismo neste comportamento. No entanto, nesse
sistema os animais ficam sujos, pois defecam na cama e deitam por cima, o que
eleva a incidência de mastite nos rebanhos (Fregonesi e Leaver, 2001 e 2002).
Para que o sistema com área de descanso coletiva funcione, é necessário
que a limpeza dessa área ocorra diariamente e a reposição e troca de cama seja
feita com mais freqüência, para evitar que os animais fiquem sujeitos a doenças.
Isso leva a um alto custo de manutenção porque demanda mais o de obra e
material de cama.
O sistema free stall proporciona uma melhor limpeza do animal e um menor
índice de mastite que o animal não permanece deitado em cama úmida
contendo fezes e urina, porque o sistema não permite que os animais sujem a
cama.
O desenho dos stalls é feito de forma que os animais precisam se levantar
para defecar e urinar, e ao se levantar uma barra (neck rail) localizada na parte
posterior do stall e elevada do chão, impede que o animal fique em na cama,
pois a mesma reduz o tamanho do local de descanso, fazendo com que o animal
posicione as patas traseiras nos corredores, onde os dejetos podem ser limpos
com mais facilidade através de rodos automáticos.
O sistema free stall tem um maior custo de implantação, no entanto
demanda de menos mão de obra, pois a limpeza pode ser feita com menos
freqüência e menos uso de material de cama, portanto a manutenção tem um
custo inferior ao sistema com área de descanso aberta.
Para que o conforto o seja prejudicado neste tipo de sistema, é
necessário que a baia possua um cubículo (cama) para cada animal e o espaço
oferecido seja suficiente para que as vacas consigam se deitar com facilidade
(Fregonesi e Leaver, 2001 e 2002).
Os padrões de comportamento em animais adultos alocados em baias com
área de descanso coletiva comparadas com baias tipo free stall são estudados
atualmente com o objetivo de proporcionar melhor bem estar às vacas. Fregonesi
e Leaver (2001 e 2002) encontraram que o tempo de descanso foi melhor em
animais que permaneciam em baias coletivas, mostrando que as práticas de
manejo na fazenda influenciam o bem estar animal. O tempo de descanso pode
ser utilizado como indicador de como está ocorrendo a adaptação e como um
ambiente inconveniente influencia o comportamento (Jensen, 1999).
Além do tipo da área de descanso, a qualidade da cama também influencia
o tempo de descanso. Fregonesi et al. (2007) observaram uma drástica redução
no tempo de descanso e um aumento significativo do tempo que os animais
passam em quando a cama oferecida continha níveis elevados de umidade.
Segundo Cook et al. (2004) os animais não se sentem confortáveis na cama
úmida e isso pode ocasionar sérias lesões de casco.
O tempo diário de descanso está intimamente ligado com o crescimento do
animal (Hänninen et al., 2003; Mongensen et al., 1997). Alguns pesquisadores
têm demonstrado que vacas com restrição no tempo de descanso apresentam
altos níveis de cortisol no plasma, além de outros indicadores fisiológicos de
estresse (Fisher et al., 2002; Tucker et al., 2007), que reafirmam a importância
desse comportamento como um indicador de bem-estar.
Muitos estudos têm mostrado que o espaço oferecido na área de descanso
muda o sincronismo do descanso (Faerevick et al., 2008; Mogensen et al., 1997;
Nielsen et al., 1997;). No entanto, em algumas situações onde o espaço é
suficiente para todos, os animais demonstram competição por espaços mais
confortáveis, com mais material de cama, menos vento ou com acesso as
paredes (Andersen and Boe, 2007; Boe et al., 2006; Gygax et al., 2007). Quando
se compara área coletiva com áreas divididas (free stall), o comportamento pode
ser muito importante, pois no sistema free stall divisões na cama sem a
presença de paredes para proteger dos ventos.
Hagen and Broom (2004), estudando a reação emocional no aprendizado
de gado leiteiro, observaram que os batimentos cardíacos aumentaram nos 2
primeiros dias que os animais foram submetidos a processos de aprendizagem,
podendo refletir o estresse neste processo de aprendizagem.
Outro estudo que relata o estresse na adaptação foi desenvolvido por
Rzasa et al. (2007), que utilizaram índices sanguíneos de glicose, fibrinogênio,
hematócritos, cortisol, haptoglobina, soro amilóide A, proteína total e frações de
proteínas (albuminas e globulinas) para monitorar o estresse da adaptação em
gado de corte em novo rebanho. Os pesquisadores relataram que os animais
demoram uma semana para normalizarem os índices observados.
É possível encontrar trabalhos sobre a adaptação de novilhas prenhes ao
tie stall, porém não estudos comportamentais para a categoria de novilhas no
processo transitório entre cama coletiva e free stall, sendo importante o início das
pesquisas na área.
Referências Bibliográficas
Andersen, I.L., Bøe, K.E., 2007. Resting pattern and social interactions in goats—
the impact of size and organization of lying space. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 108,
89–103.
Bøe, K.E., Berg, S., Andersen, I.L., 2006. Resting behaviour and displacements in
ewes—effects of reduced lying space and pen shape. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 98,
249–259.
Cook, N. B., T. B. Bennett, and K. V. Nordlund. 2004. Effect of free stall surface on
daily activity patterns in dairy cows with relevance to lameness prevalence. J.
Dairy Sci. 87:2912–2922.
Færevik, G., Tjentland, K., Løvik, S., Andersen, I. L., and Bøe, K. E. 2008. Resting
pattern and social behaviour of dairy calves housed in pens with different sized
lying areas. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 114: 54-64.
Fisher, A. D., G. A. Verkerk, C. J. Morrow, and L. R. Matthews. 2002. The effects
of feed restriction and lying deprivation on pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in
lactating cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 73:255–263.
Fregonesi, J. A., and J. D. Leaver. 2001. Behaviour, performance and health
indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard or cubicle systems. Livest.
Prod. Sci. 68:205–216.
Fregonesi, J. A., and J. D. Leaver. 2002. Influence of space allowance and milk
yield level on behaviour, performance and health of dairy cows housed in
strawyard and cubicle systems. Livest. Prod. Sci. 78:245–257.
Fregonesi, J. A., Veira, D. M., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. and Weary, D. M. 2007.
Effects of bedding quality on lying behavior of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5468–
5472.
Goddard, P.J., Fawcett, A.R., and Macdonald A.J. 1998. The adaptation of hill
lambs to housing conditions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 58: 331–339.
Gygax, L., Siegwart, R.,Wechsler, B., 2007. Effects of space allowance on the
behaviour and cleanliness of finishing bulls kept in pens with fully slatted rubber
coated flooring. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 107, 1–12.
Hagen, K. and Broom, D. M. Emotional reactions to learning in cattle. 2004. Appl.
Anim. Behav. Sci. 85: 203–213.
Hänninen, L., Hepola, H., Rushen, J., De Passille, A.M., Pursiainen, P., Tuure, V.-
M., Syrjälä-Qvist, L., Pyykkönen, M., Saloniemi, H., 2003. Resting behaviour,
growth and diarrhoea incidence rate of young dairy calves housed individually or in
groups in warm or cold buildings. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A-Anim. Sci. 53, 21–28.
Jensen, M. B. 1999. Adaptation to tethering in yearling dairy heifers assessed by
the use of lying down behavior. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 62: 115–123.
Leaver, J. D., 1999. Dairy Cattle. In: Ewbank, R., Kim-Madslien, F., Hart, C. B.
(Eds.), Management and Welfare of Farm Animals, 4
th
Edition. The UFAW
Handbook. Universities Federation for Animal Welfare, Wheathampstead, UK, pp.
17-47.
Mogensen, L., Krohn, C.C., Sorensen, J.T., Hindhede, J., Nielsen, L.H., 1997.
Association between resting behaviour and live weight gain in dairy heifers housed
in pens with different space allowance and floor type. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 55
11–19.
Nielsen, L. H., Mogensen, L., Krohn, C., Hindhede, J., Sørensen, J. T. 1997.
Resting and social behaviour of dairy heifers housed in slatted floor pens with
different sized bedded lying areas. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 54: 307-316.
Rząsa, A., Nowakowski1, P., Dobicki, A., Kwaśnicki1, R., and Mordak, R. 2007.
Effect of adaptation stress on blood indices of limousine cows. Biotec. Anim. Husb.
23: 9 – 15.
Tucker, C. B., D. E. Dalley, J.-L. K. Burke, and D. A. Clark. 2007. Milking once
daily influences behavior and udder firmness at peak and mid-lactation. J. Dairy
Sci. 90:1692–1703.
Objetivos
Objetivo geral:
Estudar as respostas comportamentais de novilhas em diferentes sistemas
de confinamento, determinando o tempo necessário para adaptação quando são
movidas de um sistema com área de descanso coletiva para um sistema com
área de descanso individual (free stall), bem como o comportamento desses
animais quando apresentados a um novo sistema de alimentação.
Objetivos específicos:
Determinar as mudanças comportamentais durante dois períodos de
transição através da observação contínua.
Determinar tempo de descanso diário, tempo em pé, tempo se alimentando,
tempo com as patas na área de descanso, latência para utilizar a cama com
divisões pela primeira vez, e tempo deitado nos corredores.
Determinar o tempo de adaptação a um novo sistema de alimentação com
presença de um canzil com tranca de pescoço.
ARTIGO
Behavioural Responses of Heifers in Transition from Sawdust-Pack to Free
Stall Housings
Abstract:
The objective of this research was examining behavioral responses of early
heifers when they are introduced to a free stall pen and headlock feed bunk. Twenty-one
Holstein dairy heifers balanced by age (159 ± 25.0 d) and BW (207 ± 26.3 kg) were used.
The heifers were divided in 7 groups of 3 animals each. The animals were housed in
either a pen that consisted of a sawdust bedded-pack area (4.6 x 5.0 m; width x depth) or
in free stall pens (6.6 m x 12 m; width x depth) containing 13 stalls. All heifers had at least
8 wks previous experience lying on a bedded sawdust pack. Each group were housed on
the sawdust bedded pack for 5 d and recorded for 3d. After this first period the heifers
were moved to a free stall pen with the same type of feed barrier and recorded for 5 d
(period 2) and the last period the animals were moved to a new free stall pen fitted with a
headlock feed barrier and monitored for 3 d (period 3). The behaviours recorded were
lying, standing, feeding and for the period 2 the latency to use the stall as well. For the
first treatment (sawdust-pack vs. Free stall) there were significant difference (P<0.001)
between the sawdust-pack period and the first day in the stall where lying time felt 4 h/d
and difference between the first day and subsequent days in a free stall (P<0,001) but
there was no difference between periods 1 and 2 (P=0.127). Before introduction to the
free stalls, heifers were rarely observed lying down in the alley, but this behavior
increased to 2.5 h/d were introduced to free stall housing(P<0.001), this time declined to
1.5 h/d on the days following the change in housing (P = 0.010), but this was still higher
than during the baseline period on the sawdust pack (P = 0.006). Standing in the alley
increased to over 4 h/d (P<0.001) in the first day in the stall pen, this time declined to
approximately 3 h/d (P<0.001) during the days following the switch, a value still higher
than during the baseline period (P = 0.002). For standing with 4 hooves in the bedded
area there was difference between pack and first day in free stall (P<0.001) and between
pack vs. free stall (P< 0.001), but there was not difference between the first day and
subsequent days. Time standing with the front hooves in the stall was measure just in free
stall and it was observed significant difference between the first day and subsequent days
in the free stall pen (P<0.001). There was no change in feeding time during the transition
period. For the second treatment (slats vs. headlock) there was significant difference in
feeding time between the period in the slat feed bunker and the first day in a headlock (P
=0.007). There was no difference between the baseline period and the headlock period
and between the first day with headlock feeder and subsequent days. The others behavior
observed did not change during this experiment. In conclusion, dairy heifers take around
24 h to adapt to a new house system and learned how to lay down in stalls and how to
use the headlock feed bunk.
Key-words: Adaption, confinement systems, feed bunk, behavior, animal welfare.
Introduction
Within the realm of animal welfare research there are many studies focusing
on adult cows. However, few studies have been accomplished on heifers
adaptation to new environments and management systems. Usually, housing
conditions for heifers consist of pack stalls: an open area with sawdust bedding
while food is accessed by a simple feeding barrier, without a headlock device.
However, later in life heifers are usually moved to free stall housing; with sand
bedding and headlock feeding barriers. The animals must learn rapidly how to
cope with this new physical and social environment. It is not very well understood,
how long it takes for heifers to adapt to this new environment.
When allocated to a new environment, heifers may show different
behavioural pattern from the previous one until they have successfully adapted to.
These changes can cause developmental problems and difficulties for future
adaptations (Goddard et al., 1998). Understanding how changes in housing
systems and management affect animal behaviour may allow animal welfare
scientists to explore ways to decrease stress in the animals during the transition
period.
Behavioral patter in adult dairy cows housed in pack and free stall systems
has been largely studied. Fregonesi and Leaver (2001 and 2002) found that the
amount of time spent lying was greater in pack than in free stalls, showing that
differences in management practices between systems may have effect on cow’s
welfare. Also, lying behavior may be used as an indicator of how the animals can
adapt to the physical environment, as well as unsuitable physical environments
may impair this behavior (Jensen, 1999).
Resting behavior is related with growth rate. Calves that rest for longer grow
more (Hänninen et al., 2003; Mongensen et al., 1997;). And some researchers
have demonstrated that cows with restricted lying times have elevated levels of
plasma cortisol and other indicators of physiological stress (Fisher at al., 2002;
Tucker et al., 2007), reaffirming that rest behavior is a important welfare indicator.
Many studies reported that space allowance in resting areas change the
synchronous resting (Faerevick et al., 2008; Mogensen et al., 1997; Nielsen et al.,
1997), however, in some situations when the space allowance should be enough,
the animals had been demonstrated competition for more comfortable resting
areas, like spaces with more bedding material, less draft or with access to a wall
(Andersen and Boe, 2007; Boe et al., 2006; Gygax et al., 2007). When it was
compared sawdust-pack with free stall this difference can be really important for
resting behavior because the free stall has a limited area to rest with no wall to
protect of draft.
Hagen and Broom (2004), studying emotional reaction to learning in cattle
reported that heart rate increase on the first two days than the animals were in
learning process. This may reflect the stress of habituation to the new
environment.
The present study will examine behavioral responses of early heifers to
different housing conditions. It will also determine how long of an adjustment
period is necessary for heifers to adapt when they are moved from sawdust-pack
to free stall housing. In addition, this study aims to describe the animals’
acclimation to new feed bunks with head locks.
Materials and Methods
Animals, Housing, and Diet
Twenty-one Holstein dairy heifers were used in the study. The animals were
divided into 7 groups of 3 animals each. Groups were balanced for age (159 ±
25.0 days; mean ± SD) and BW (207 ± 26.3 kg). The animals were housed at The
University of British Columbia Dairy Education and Research Centre (Agassiz, BC,
Canada) and were managed according to the guidelines set by the Canadian
Council on Animal Care (1993). The heifers were housed in either a pen that
consisted of a sawdust bedded-pack area (4.6 x 12.0 m; width x depth) and a
standing alley with rubber flooring (4.6 x 3.05 m), which divided the pack from the
feeding area or in free stall pens (6.6 m x 12 m; width x depth) containing 13 stalls
(each 0.83 m centre to centre and 1.8 m; width x depth). Each lying stall was fitted
with a neck-rail positioned at 1.0 m from the curb and 0.85 m vertically from the
bed from the stall. Stalls were configured in 3 rows separated by two 3 m wide
alleys. Flooring consisted of textured rubber and cleaned 6 times per d by an
automatic scraper. All lying areas were cleaned once per day at 0900 h and fresh
sawdust added twice a month during the entire experimental period.
The pen containing the sawdust bedded pack was fitted with a slanted
feeding bunk barrier containing 13 feeding spaces separated 25 cm apart center to
center. Fresh food was provided once daily at 0800 h and feed was pushed up 2
times per day. Heifers were provided ad libitum access to chopped fescue hay
(Festuca arundinacea) and 2.3 kg/heifer/d of concentrate that was top-dressed on
the ration. Each day beginning at 0730 h, immediately prior to the once per day
delivery of fresh feed at 0800 h, orts were removed. A mineral salt lick was
available to each pen and water was freely available from a self-filling trough.
Composition of the concentrate was 91% DM, 16.48% CP, 23.85% NDF, 9.04%
ADF, 1.21% Ca and 0.64% P and the grass hay contained 90.80% DM, 15.14%
CP, 51.71% NDF, 29.90% ADF, 0.41% Ca and 0.28% P.
Experimental Treatments and Design
All heifers had at least 8 wks previous experience lying on a bedded
sawdust pack. Soon after, there was the formation of the group animals that were
housed together on the sawdust bedded pack for 5 d with lying, feeding and
standing behaviors recorded on the last 3 d (Period 1). On the following day
animals were moved to a new pen fitted with the same type of feed barrier but
contained free stalls rather than a bedded pack. Lying, standing and feeding
behaviors were monitored for 5 d (Period 2). Finally, animals were moved to a new
free stall pen fitted with a headlock feed barrier 4.6 meters in length containing 13
feeding places (35 cm centre to centre). All behaviours were monitored for 3 d
(Period 3).
Behavior
Behavior was recorded for 24 h/d during all periods; using 2 cameras/pen
(Panasonic WV-BP334 24V) positioned 10 m above the pen. The cameras were
attached to a video multiplexer (Panasonic WJ FS416) and time-lapse recorder
(Panasonic AG 6540; Panasonic, Mississauga, Ontario, Canada). Red lights
(100W) were hung 10 m above the pen to facilitate video recording at night.
Heifers were photographed before the trial commenced to facilitate individual
identification of them during video playback.
Video recordings were scanned at 5 min intervals (Mitlohner et al., 2001) to
quantify stall usage (lying, standing in the alley, standing with 2 hooves in the stall
or standing with all 4 hooves in the stall), and feeding times. When the heifers
were moved from the sawdust-pack to free stall, latency time to use the stall for
the first time (defined as lying on the stalls) was also measured. When heifers
were moved from the slanted feeding bunk barrier to the headlock feeding barrier
latency time to use headlock feeding bunk barrier for the first time was also
recorded (defined as eating).
Statistical analysis
Animal responses were analyzed by using a PROC MIXED model in SAS
(2003), with group (n=7) and day (n=7) as observational units during the first
treatment (sawdust-pack vs. free stall), where were compared the period on
sawdust-pack with the first day in the stalls; the first day with the subsequent days
in the stalls; and also the period in the sawdust-pack with free stall. On the second
treatment (slats vs. headlock) was used group (n=7) and day (n=5) as an
observational units, where were compared the period on slats feed bunk with the
first day in the headlocks feed bunk; the first day with the subsequent days in the
headlock feed bunk; and finally compared differences between periods in the slats
feed bunk and headlocks feed bunk.
Results
Transition from the sawdust-pack to free stall housing
During the baseline observations when all heifers were housed on the
bedded pack, lying times averaged approximately 14 h/d (Fig. 1 A). On the day
heifers were first moved to the free stall pen, lying times declined to 10 h/d
(P<0.001), but recovered (P<0.001) on the following days. Lying times on the days
following the switch to free stall housing were not different from those observed
during the baseline period (P = 0.127). Heifers differed in their latency to first lie
down in the free stalls (Fig. 2); one heifer lay down just 25 min after introduction
into the new pen, while another was never observed lying in a stall during of this
study (i.e. for 8 d after introduction to free stall housing).
Before introduction to the free stalls, heifers were rarely observed lying
down in the alley (Fig. 1 B). This behavior spiked on the day animals were
introduced to free stall housing, averaging approximately 2.5 h on this day
(P<0.001). Time spent lying down in alley declined to approximately 1.5 h/d on the
days following the change in housing (P = 0.010), but this was still higher than
during the baseline period on the sawdust pack (P = 0.006).
While housed on the bedded pack pen, heifers spent approximately 2.5 h/d
standing idle in the alley (Fig. 1 C). On the day heifers were switched to free stall
housing, this standing time increased to over 4 h/d (P<0.001). Time spent standing
in the alley declined (P<0.001) to approximately 3 h/d during the days following the
switch, a value still higher than during the baseline period (P = 0.002).
In addition to standing outside of the stalls, heifers spent some time
standing either fully or partially on the bedded area. During the baseline
observations on the bedded pack heifers spent approximately 1 h/d standing with
all four hooves on the bedded area (Fig 1. D). This behavior declined to just a few
min/d on the day of switch (P<0.001) and the days following the switch to free stall
housing (P< 0.001), with no difference between these last two phases (P = 0.432).
On the day heifers were introduced to free stall housing they spent on average 70
min/d standing with their front hooves in the stall and their rear hooves in the alley.
This time fell to 35 min/d (P<0.001) on the days following the switch to the new
housing.
Heifers averaged of 6 h/d at the feed bunk across the all 3 periods. There
was no change in this behavior on the day of switch (P = 0.850) or the days
following the switch to free stall housing (P= 0.928).
Figure 1 Time (h/d) spent (A) lying in the bedded area, (B) lying in the alley, (C) Standing in the
alley, and (D) standing in the bedded area. Least squares means (±SE) are reported separately per
day when groups (n = 7, each of 3 heifers) were in a sawdust-pack (days -3 to 0) and free stall pen
(days 0 to 3). Day 0 is the switch day.
C. Standing in the alley
A. Lying in the bedded area
0
2
4
6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
B. Lying in the alley
D. Standing in the bedded area
0
4
8
12
16
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Time (h)
0
2
4
6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Day
Time (h)
0
2
4
6
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
Day
0
1
2
3
4
5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 48 72 96
Numbers of Animals
Time (h)
Latency to use stalls
Figure 2 – Latency time (h) to use the stall for the first time.
Transition from fixed to head locking feed barrier
There were no differences in the time spent lying down in the free stalls,
standing in the alley, or standing either partially or fully in the free stalls, when the
heifers accessed feed by fixed barrier or when they were switched to a head
locking feed barrier (Table 1). Only one animal was observed lying in the alley
during this phase of the experiment, so no statistics are provided for this variable.
The time heifers spent feeding declined by more than 40 min on the day
they were switched to the new feed barriers (P =0.007). Feeding time recovered
partially on the days following the switch, such that time did not differ statistically
from either from the baseline period (P =0.212) or from the day of switch (P
=0.163).
Table 1. Mean ± SE time (min/d) heifers spent lying in the free stalls, standing in the alley, with
their front legs in the stall or with four hooves in the stall, and time spent feeding.
Behavior Means (min/d)
Slats Head locks
Days -2 and -1 Day 0 Days 1 and 2
Lying
In the stall
823 ± 20
a
839 ± 20
a
850 ± 20
a
Standing
In alley
182 ± 15
a
202±15
a
187±15
a
2 feet in stall
36 ± 3
a
40±3
a
37±3
a
4 feet in stall
5 ± 2
a
6±2
a
5±2
a
Feeding 367 ± 17
a
322±17
b
337±17
ab
a,b
Numbers within a row with different superscript letters differ at P ≤ 0.05
Discussion
In both experiments the most important day was the day of change to a new
environment. Rzasa et al., (2007) worked with blood levels (glucose, fibrinogen,
hematocrit, cortisol, haptoglobin, serum amyloid A, total protein and
concentrations of protein fractions [albumins, globulins]) to monitor adaptation
stress in beef cows, related that stress adaptation to a new herd lasting 1 week. In
this study it was compared behavior and the animals showed us the adaptation
happened in 1 day.
Transition from the sawdust-pack to free stall housing
In this study there was significant difference in lying time between the
baseline period and the first day in a new housing system and between the first
day and subsequent days, but there was no difference between the periods.
Hänninen et al. (2005) founded the same result when they reported that there is
no effect of housing (concrete and rubber mat) on total resting time of calves
observed for 20 weeks. In the same study the researcher founded a positive
correlation between lying time and growth, when the animal rest more grew more.
The same correlation happened with older cows in a study realized by
Mongensen et al. (1997), where the animals gained weight longer they lay down.
The lying time is very important to animal’s development. The same results was
found by Dellmeier et al. (1985), where they tested four (4) methods of calf
confinement and there were no differences between the house systems to lying
time. The opposite result was found by Fregonesi (1999) and Fregonesi and
Leaver (2001), where was reported that strawyards has a high degree of comfort
when compared with stalls. Their studies they found total lying time and lying
synchrony were lower in stall. Results like these were found by other researchers
(Manninen et al., 2002; Tucker et al., 2007).
Before to use the stall for the first time, heifers were observed lying in the
alley. In this research was observed a significant difference between periods and
between the first day in the stalls. In previous studies, changes in stall design,
management, housing systems did not affect the place to lying downs, except
once, two cows were observed lying down outside the stall (Fregonesi et al.,
2007). Cows can cope with some restriction to lying down, but they need to lay
down to alleviate strain on the legs and hooves (Cooper et al., 2007), and the
motivation to lay down increase after few hours of deprivation (Metz, 1985). In this
study the lying in the alley could be observed in almost all animals, indicating that
animals may not yet learned to save position to lying down in the stalls (Jensen,
1999).
The latency to use the stall was a parameter that show the individuality of
animals. All heifers had the same space, food and conditions, whatever they had a
different behavior. It was found animals than lay down in less than 25 minutes and
a heifer that never was observed lying down during the all period. Furthermore, it
should be consider the space and cleanness of the pens. Each pen had capacity
to 13 heifers and was used just 3 heifers per pen, where there was no press to lay
down and the alleys were kept clean, that probably facilitated animals to lay down
in those alleys. Jensen (1999) working with heifers tethered for 3,10 or 24 days,
observed that animals tethered for 3 days had a large latency to lay down, which
indicate the animals may not yet learned to save position to lying down.
If the lying time felt in the first day in the stall, the stand time must be
higher, and was observed an increase in standing in the alley. This change can be
because the stalls were not comfortable like a sawdust-pack (Fregonesi and
Leaver, 1999 and 2001) or the heifers were learned a save way to lay in stalls
(Jensen, 1998). Fregonesi et al. (2007) observed a reduced lying time and
increase in stand time when the cows were kept in a pen with wet bed.
Time spent fully or partially in the stall is affected by many factors, like neck
rail placement, stall width and cow size (Tucker et al., 2004, 2005) and also, to
escape uncomfortable standing surfaces (Stefanowska et al., 2001; Tucker et al.,
2006) or as a refuge from dominant herd mates (Galindo and Broom, 2000). In this
study, heifers spent more time standing partially in the stalls in the first day in a
new pen, because they were to adapting in a new house and learning how to lying
down in a new bedded area. Was impossible to measure the time spent partially in
the sawdust-pack because there was no clear delineation between the bedded
area and alley in the pack area, standing with only the front hooves on the bedded
area could not be reliably identified. For fully standing time were observed
differences between periods, first day in the stall and sawdust-pack and first day
and subsequent days in the stall. Heifers spent less time standing fully in the bed
because in the new pen had stalls that inhibited this behavior when was compared
with a opened bedded area, were the animal stand fully all the time to play or
before lying down.
Feeding time was not affected by treatments. Fregonesi et al. (2007)
working with bed quality observed that cows spent less time lying down in a wet
bed but they did not change the feed behavior. The same happened in this study,
where the heifers had the same feeding time in both periods. Several authors had
been studied comfort of stall and comfort of stand area, have found effect on time
spent feeding (Fregonesi et al., 2004; Haley et al., 2000 and 2001;).
Transition from fixed to head locking feed barrier
The lying time, lying in the alley, standing time, standing fully or partially in
the stalls was not affect by treatments. The only behavior affected was feeding
that declined 40 minutes in the switch day to headlock. The opposite happened in
the first period where the animals change all behavior and kept the feeding
behavior stable. This results showed that the changes in the feed bunk affect just
the feeding time and the changes in a bedded area affect others behavior but not
feeding behavior. Many works had been done with space in the feed bunk (De
Vries et al., 2004), or space and design (Huzzey et al., 2006) but the animals
adapting to a new feed bunk have no research. Huzzey et al. (2006) worked with
two design of feed bunk and they related that feeding time reduced when cows
used the headlock barrier compared with the post-and-rail barrier, and they also
observed that feeding time decrease when increase a density stocking. Those
researches had the objective to choice a better-feed bunk area and determinate
the ideal stock density to proportionate a better welfare to dairy cows, but they do
not measure the adaptation to a novel feed bunk.
Conclusion
This study showed that growing heifers adapted to a new environment or
feeding area in one day. The latency to use the stall is a very individual behavior
and may vary from a few hours to many days. The feeding behavior just change
when the feed bunk is changed, so when the animals are in a new pen with the
same feed bunk, the feeding time stilled the same.
Acknowledgements
We thank the faculty, staff and students at University of British Columbia’s
Dairy Education and Research Centre and the University’s Animal Welfare
Program. The project was funded by the Dairy Farmers of Canada and the Natural
Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC), and through an
NSERC Industrial Research Chair with contributions listed at
www.landfood.ubc.ca/animalwelfare. The first author would also like to thank
Universidade Estadual de Londrina-UEL and Coordenação de Pessoal de Nivel
Superior-CAPES.
References
Andersen, I.L., Bøe, K.E., 2007. Resting pattern and social interactions in goats—
the impact of size and organization of lying space. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 108,
89–103.
Bøe, K.E., Berg, S., Andersen, I.L., 2006. Resting behaviour and displacements in
ewes—effects of reduced lying space and pen shape. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 98,
249–259.
Canadian Council on Animal Care. 1993. Guide to the care and use of
experimental animals. Vol. 1. E. D. Olfert, B. M. Cross, and A. A. McWilliam, ed.
CCAC, Ottawa, Canada.
Cooper, M. D., Arney, D. R. and Phillips, C. J. C. 2007. Two- or four hour lying
deprivations on the behavior of lactating dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:1149–1158.
Dellmeier, G. R., Friend, T. H., and Gbur, E. E. 1985. Comparison of Four
Methods of Calf Confinement. II. Behavior. J. Anim. Sci. 60:1102-1109.
Færevik, G., Tjentland, K., Løvik, S., Andersen, I. L., and Bøe, K. E. 2008. Resting
pattern and social behaviour of dairy calves housed in pens with different sized
lying areas. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 114: 54-64.
Fisher, A. D., G. A. Verkerk, C. J. Morrow, and L. R. Matthews. 2002. The effects
of feed restriction and lying deprivation on pituitary-adrenal axis regulation in
lactating cows. Livest. Prod. Sci. 73:255–263.
Fregonesi, J. A., Veira, D. M., von Keyserlingk, M. A. G. and Weary, D. M. 2007.
Effects of bedding quality on lying behavior of dairy cows. J. Dairy Sci. 90:5468–
5472.
Fregonesi, J. A., and J. D. Leaver. 2001. Behaviour, performance and health
indicators of welfare for dairy cows housed in strawyard or cubicle systems. Livest.
Prod. Sci. 68:205–216.
Fregonesi, J. A., and J. D. Leaver. 2002. Influence of space allowance and milk
yield level on behaviour, performance and health of dairy cows housed in
strawyard and cubicle systems. Livest. Prod. Sci. 78:245–257.
Fregonesi, J. A., Tucker, C. B., Weary, D. M., Flower, F. C., and Vittie, T. 2004.
Effect of rubber flooring in front of feed bunk on time budget of dairy cattle. J. Dairy
Sci. 87:1203–1207.
Fregonesi, J.A., 1999. Production and Behaviour of Dairy Cattle in Different
Housing Systems. University of London, Ph.D. Thesis.
Galindo, F., and Broom, D. M. 2000. The relationships between social behavior of
dairy cows and the occurrence of lameness in three herds. Res. Vet. Sci. 69:75–
79.
Goddard, P.J., Fawcett, A.R., and Macdonald A.J. 1998. The adaptation of hill
lambs to housing conditions. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 58: 331–339.
Gygax, L., Siegwart, R.,Wechsler, B., 2007. Effects of space allowance on the
behaviour and cleanliness of finishing bulls kept in pens with fully slatted rubber
coated flooring. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 107, 1–12.
Hagen, K. and Broom, D. M. Emotional reactions to learning in cattle. 2004. Appl.
Anim. Behav. Sci. 85: 203–213.
Haley, D. B., Passillé, A. M., and Rushen, J. 2001. Assessing cow comfort: Effects
of two floor types and two tie stall designs on the behaviour of lactating dairy cows.
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71:105–117.
Haley, D. B., Rushen, J., and Passillé, A. M. 2000. Behavioural indicators of cow
comfort: Activity and resting behaviour of dairy cows in two types of housing. Can.
J. Anim. Sci. 80:257–263.
Hänninen, L., Hepola, H., Rushen, J., De Passille, A.M., Pursiainen, P., Tuure, V.-
M., Syrjälä-Qvist, L., Pyykkönen, M., Saloniemi, H., 2003. Resting behaviour,
growth and diarrhoea incidence rate of young dairy calves housed individually or in
groups in warm or cold buildings. Acta Agric. Scand. Sect. A-Anim. Sci. 53, 21–28.
Hänninen, L., Passillé, A.M., and Rushen, J. 2005. The effect of flooring type and
social grouping on the rest and growth of dairy calves. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 91:
193–204.
Jensen, M. B. 1999. Adaptation to tethering in yearling dairy heifers assessed by
the use of lying down behavior. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 62: 115–123.
Manninen, E., Passillé, A. M., Rushen, J., Norringa, M. and Saloniemia, H. 2002.
Preferences of dairy cows kept in unheated buildings for different kind of cubicle
flooring. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 75:281–292.
Metz, J. H. M. 1985. The reaction of cows to a short-term deprivation of lying.
Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 13:301–307.
Mitlohner, F. M., Morrow-Tesch, J. L., Wilson, S. C., Dailey, J. W., and McGlone,
J. J. 2001. Behavioral sampling techniques for feedlot cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 79:
1189-1193.
Mogensen, L., Krohn, C.C., Sorensen, J.T., Hindhede, J., Nielsen, L.H., 1997.
Association between resting behaviour and live weight gain in dairy heifers housed
in pens with different space allowance and floor type. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 55
11–19.
Nielsen, L. H., Mogensen, L., Krohn, C., Hindhede, J., Sørensen, J. T. 1997.
Resting and social behaviour of dairy heifers housed in slatted floor pens with
different sized bedded lying areas. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 54: 307-316.
Rząsa, A., Nowakowski1, P., Dobicki, A., Kwaśnicki1, R., and Mordak, R. 2007.
Effect of adaptation stress on blood indices of limousine cows. Biotec. Anim. Husb.
23: 9 – 15.
SAS Institute. 2003. SAS Users´ Guide. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC.
Stefanowska, J., Swierstra, D., Braam, C.R. and Hendriks, M. M. W. B. 2001. Cow
behavior on a new grooved floor in comparison with a slatted floor, taking claw
health and floor properties into account. Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci. 71:87–103.
Tucker, C. B., and Weary, D. M. 2004. Bedding on geotextile mattresses: How
much is needed to improve cow comfort? J. Dairy Sci. 87:2889–2895.
Tucker, C. B., D. E. Dalley, J.-L. K. Burke, and D. A. Clark. 2007. Milking once
daily influences behavior and udder firmness at peak and mid-lactation. J. Dairy
Sci. 90:1692–1703.
Tucker, C. B., Weary, D. M. and Fraser, D. 2005. Influence of neckrail placement
on free-stall preference, use, and cleanliness. J. Dairy Sci. 88:2730–2737.
Tucker, C. B., Zdanowicz, G. and Weary, D. M. 2006. Brisket boards reduce
freestall use. J. Dairy Sci. 89:2603–2607.
Conclusões da dissertação
Este estudo mostrou que novilhas em crescimento se adaptam a um novo
ambiente ou novo comedouro em um dia.
Livros Grátis
( http://www.livrosgratis.com.br )
Milhares de Livros para Download:
Baixar livros de Administração
Baixar livros de Agronomia
Baixar livros de Arquitetura
Baixar livros de Artes
Baixar livros de Astronomia
Baixar livros de Biologia Geral
Baixar livros de Ciência da Computação
Baixar livros de Ciência da Informação
Baixar livros de Ciência Política
Baixar livros de Ciências da Saúde
Baixar livros de Comunicação
Baixar livros do Conselho Nacional de Educação - CNE
Baixar livros de Defesa civil
Baixar livros de Direito
Baixar livros de Direitos humanos
Baixar livros de Economia
Baixar livros de Economia Doméstica
Baixar livros de Educação
Baixar livros de Educação - Trânsito
Baixar livros de Educação Física
Baixar livros de Engenharia Aeroespacial
Baixar livros de Farmácia
Baixar livros de Filosofia
Baixar livros de Física
Baixar livros de Geociências
Baixar livros de Geografia
Baixar livros de História
Baixar livros de Línguas
Baixar livros de Literatura
Baixar livros de Literatura de Cordel
Baixar livros de Literatura Infantil
Baixar livros de Matemática
Baixar livros de Medicina
Baixar livros de Medicina Veterinária
Baixar livros de Meio Ambiente
Baixar livros de Meteorologia
Baixar Monografias e TCC
Baixar livros Multidisciplinar
Baixar livros de Música
Baixar livros de Psicologia
Baixar livros de Química
Baixar livros de Saúde Coletiva
Baixar livros de Serviço Social
Baixar livros de Sociologia
Baixar livros de Teologia
Baixar livros de Trabalho
Baixar livros de Turismo